Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is a condition of which rapid muscle breakdown occurs. The term ‘rhabdomyo’ refers to skeletal muscle where as ‘lysis’ means the breakdown. The destruction of muscle may be caused by physical trauma such as from an accident, biological factors like infection for an example and chemical factors such as medicine.


The damage done to the muscle tissues, however leads to the release of breakdown products of muscle cells, a protein precisely called as myoglobin into the bloodstream. These breakdown products which circulating in the bloodstream clogs up the kidney tubules upon reaching the kidneys and hence causes acute kidney failure. Besides the damage done to the kidney, the normal composition of the electrolytes also gets disrupted by the muscle tissue components that are released into the bloodstream. This results in nausea, vomiting, confusion, coma and also abnormal heart rate. An abnormal heart rate is caused by the increase in potassium level in the body.


A patient diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis exhibits symptoms like pain in the muscle in terms of achiness and weakness. This is solely due to the inflammation caused by the affected muscle. Swelling of the affected area can be seen clearly and often damages other tissues in the muscle. It can also lead to permanent damage to the affected muscle or limb. Occasionally compartment syndrome may happen, where the compression by swollen muscle of surrounding tissues in the nerves and blood vessels, leading to damage or loss of function in the part of the body supplied by these structures. Symptoms of this complication include decreased blood supply, decrease in sensation, or pain in the affected limb.


Clinical tests that are being conducted to diagnose rhabdomyolysis consists of urinalysis and also blood test. Urinalysis is one of the most important test that can be done to detect rhabdomyolysis. In urinalysis, the urine sample would appear dark in color. Further dipstick method analysis would show the positive result for “blood”. This indicates excess myoglobulin is present in the urine that transforms the urine color into dark colored urine. Blood test is being conducted to detect the level of creatine kinase(CK) in blood. Enzyme creatine kinase(CK) is present in large quantities inside muscle cells, and when the muscle cells break down, the creatine kinase goes into the blood stream, and it can be measured. A creatine kinase level that is five times its normal levels is consistent with a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis.

Acute kidney failure which caused by rhabdomyolysis can be treated with hemodialysis. Fluid therapy is also used to treat rhabdomyolysis. This is mainly to treat shock and preserve the kidney function. It is basically done through the administration of intravenous fluid which usually revolves the use of saline. This therapy ensures sufficient circulating volume to deal with the muscle cell swelling and prevent the deposition of the myoglobin in the kidneys. 6 to 12 liters over 24 hours are recommended for this treatment. Additionally, the abnormal level of electrolytes in the body can be corrected and maintained particularly the calcium level.


Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis

my homework:an essay titled Duschenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder normally characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, which eventually leading to loss of ambulation and death. It affects about 1 in 3500 boys. Girls can be affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) too, but it is really rare. Females may be afflicted if the father is afflicted and the mother is also a carrier or affected.

A mutation in the dystrophin gene, located in humans on the X chromosome (Xp21) is the main cause for this disorder. The dystrophin gene stores the information which codes for the protein dystrophin, an important structural component within muscle tissue. Dystrophin is responsible for connecting the cytoskeleton of each muscle fibers to the underlying basal lamina (extracellular matrix) through a protein complex containing many subunits. It also acts as a shock absorber, provides structural stability to the dystroglycan complex (DGC), located on the cell membrane. The absence of dystrophin allows excess calcium to penetrate the sarcolemma (cell membrane). In a complex cascading process that involves several pathways and is not clearly understood, increased oxidative stress within the cell damages the sarcolemma, and eventually results in the death of the cell. Necrosis of muscle fibers occurs and are ultimately replaced with adipose and connective tissue.

A person afflicted with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) makes them to move little bit slower than the normal kids. Kids, usually boys are generally diagnosed with DMD between the ages from one and six. There are some noticeable symptoms,childrens with DMD usually have trouble jumping, running or hopping,they may fall down frequently and find it difficult for them to do activities like running, climbing the stairs and getting up from the sitting positions. If you notice a boy with DMD, they often stand up with a movement called Gower’s maneuver. A child with DMD tend to walk on their forefeet,because of an increased calf tonus. Besides, toe walking becomes compensatory adaptation to knee extensor weakness . These noticeable signs would certainly help a doctor to spot DMD early. Rapid progression of muscle degeneration simply means DMD process increases over the time. DMD causes more and more muscle weakness till the individual’s muscles die.The muscle do not necessarily get smaller. At times, the muscle cells turn into fat and scar tissue so the muscle can look big but not strong.

As the child with DMD grows up, the condition gets more serious. Walking and running can become more difficult as the disorder progresses. Kids with DMD will eventually need some help getting around. They need to hold on when they walk and eventually use an electrical wheel chair. They also tend to get fatigue more easily.

Clinical tests like DNA tests can be done to examine if any mutation occurs in the DNA sequence, followed by muscle biopsy where the muscle sample is taken from the affected individual and examined it microscopically. Prenatal test, however, also plays a significant role in the lab diagnosis for the DMD. This test is carried out if one or both parents are 'carriers' of DMD and is normally being conducted during pregnancy and find out if the fetus is affected with DMD. Other tests to diagnose DMD including an electromyography (EMG) which shows that weakness is caused by destruction of muscle tissue rather than by damage to nerve. A blood test can also be done by detecting the absence of the dystrophin.

There is still no cure for DMD till date but the treatment is improving over the time. Physical therapy can slow down its progress, and sooner the therapy begins, the more effective it will be. So early diagnosis of DMD is crucial. Scientists are constantlly working to develop the drugs that could alter the DNA’s sequence that codes the DMD. Recent stem-cell research is showing promising vectors that may replace damaged muscle tissue.

Reference :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy#Pathogenesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_biopsy

ONE OF THE MOST GREATEST EVENT IN MY LIFE

   MEETING MY IDOLS : Super Star Rajinikanth, A.R.Rahman, Aiswariya Rai, Vivek and Simbhu.. Finally i managed to meet 5 out of my 19 idols.

    I get to see Rajini kanth, Vairamuthu, A.r.rahman so near(less than 1 meter), and yea, managed to touch A.R.Rahman sir's hand..He was actually reaching out his hand to his fans but the stupid security guard was so terrible! anyway, it was awesome to be in that function.. i met my GODS.. ♥ Anbey sivam ♥

   VIVEK sir was an awesome anchor.. He made us laughed through out the show, really good! He actually helped a lot since the live program had some technical problems. Great to have him as anchor yesterday. Hats off to you, sir!

    Anddd.....I was truly inspired by the way AISHWARIYA RAI talked on the stage, She is indeed a SUPERWOMAN!!! The greatest woman on earth!

    Not forget to mention, our SUPER STAR RAJINIKANTH, His speeech was totally electrifying! Remembered he Laughed like A Lion on the stage 3 times..ONLY HE POSSIBLE! You are great, Thalaiva.

   Hmmmm, A.R.Rahman was simple and humble, but he rocked the entire Hall when he walked in.. People were so crazy on him.. During A.R.Rahman's tribute, they played Ooorvasi and Humma song.. That really shooked me and I could only remember I was shaking my head and tapping my feet and also clapping my hands.. It was that awesome.

 and yea, finally Simbhu THE MULTI-TALENTED, thanks for performing..I love your Energy and confidence. You rock, dude!

Below are some pictures that i took, actually cameras are strictly prohibited inside the hall, but you know, we are MALAYSIANS LAH!!!!!! lols..

This is my schoolmate plus my friend who actually won the tickets just like me.

                                          the stage

the hall

that's me with Rajini's book

My friend with his friend.

Between I also took few clips, will upload it soon when free. Thats all about the fantastic dream that I had last night. Thanks to the Endhiran crew for coming to Malaysia and now I am eagerly waiting for the movie release.

useless thing which turned out to be my PASSION!

2 weeks of semester break, thought of spending these 14days wisely.. Read books?? Nah, that never happened!

Been wasting my time on doing some Useless things..

Here are the some of the things which I been doing for my semester break :

yes.... photography!!!

And did i wasted my time??? nah.. definitely no...

 I learnt something new for this two weeks.. Was kinda acquainted with the Nature... love it!

So guess the time that I actually wasted is not actually wasted...

peace!

Highlights of the Month- May 2010

 1st May 2010 - Labour's day

 Sulakshana is coming back from India

mid-sem examination 8 May 2010

MSU New Campus is opening

party with Boom Chak members..

trip to JAY-BEE & SINGAPORE(if possible)

Boom Chak members are coming down to SLIM RIVER for "lawatan sambil belajar"..lol

dance party for the song CHENNAI 08' Jalsa panuggey da & also MAZHAI MAZHAI from the movie CHOCOLATE.. at Jay-Bee..

SUPPER at RAFI's mamak shop in the middle of the night..(We used to do that last time when we were together,& a roti pisang & milo ice would do the trick)

&

finally of course, there's a BIG BOOM CHAK party for those new & old BOOM CHAK members..

Song That Defines Me, Myself, My Personality, Perception that I have on My Life..

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oe48zoiHwfU&feature=related

Singer : Hariharan

CHORUS 1:

Moongil kaaduhale

Vandu munahum paadalkale

Dhoora siharangalil

Thanneer thuvaikum aruvikale

Oh ho�

HARIHARAN: CHORUS 1

CHORUS 2:

Iyatkai thaayin madiyay prindhu

Eppadi vaazha idhayam tholainthu

Salithu poanaen manithanaay irundhy

Parakka vaendum paravayaay thirindhu

TIPPU:

Thirindhu parandhu parandhu

HARIHARAN:

Moongil kaaduhale

Vandu munahum paadalkale

TIPPU:

Dhoora siharangalil

Thanneer thuvaikum aruvikale

HARIHARAN:

Saetru thanneeril malarum

Sivappu thaamarayil

Saerum manappathillai

Poovin jeevan manakkirathu

Vaerai aruthaalum marangal

Veruppai umizhvathillai

Arutha nathiyin mael

Marangal aananda poo choriyum


Thaamarai poovaai maaraeno

Jenma saaval engal kaanaeno

Maramaay naanum maaraeno

En manitha piraviyil uyyeano

TIPPU:

Veyilo puyalo paruhum vannam

Vellai panithuli aahaeno

CHORUS 1

Oh saba
HARIHARAN:


Uppu kadaloadu maeham utpathi aanaalum


Uppu thanneerai maeham oru poadhum sindhaathu


Malayil vizhundhaalum sooriyan


Marithu poavathillai


Nilavukku oliyooti


Thannai neepithu kolkirathe


Maehamaay naanum maaraeno


Athan maenmai gunangal kaanbaeno


Sooriyan poalave maaraeno


En jothyil ulahai aalaeno


TIPPU:


Jananam maranam ariyaa vannam


Naanum mazhaithuli aahaeno

CHORUS 1



HARIHARAN:


Iyatkai thaayin madiyay prindhu


Eppadi vaazha idhayam tholainthu


Salithu poanaen manithanaay irundhy


Parakka vaendum paravayaay thirindhu thirundhu parandhu


Oh ho ho

Gotta Love This Guy..

I was surfing the net the whole afternoon and This clip caught my attention....http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=iO3sBulXpVw&feature=related

It's a clip by Bruce Lee... Well, everyone knows about this man... right??


well, i know him 2 and never really keen on knowing more about this guy, cuz I am not really into this martial arts.. I watched this clip since it was very captivating plus i was too bored..

he said something about water..metaphorically.. I don't really understand what he was trying to say but this guy is just awesome... look at the way he speaks... i was stunned.. he's an awesome man! and yea, he's just SUPER-CONFIDENT... He has got piercing eyes which is damn cool and energising!!

No wonder people call him Super star!  He made my day! He motivates me, inspires me... and hence officially from this second, He's my another Idol too :)))


Bruce Lee rocks eventhough he's no more... He is still inspiring people like me... you are cool man.. I GOTTA LOVE U....

will get to know more about you man!

loves